Guericke (ursprünglich Gericke), Otto von (Reichsadel und Namensänderung 1666)
Bürgermeister von Magdeburg, Naturforscher, * 20.11.1602 Magdeburg, † 11.5.1686 Hamburg. (evangelisch)

Later years:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke

In 1677 von Guericke was reluctantly permitted to step down from his civic responsibilities, after repeated requests. In January 1681, as a precaution against an outbreak of the plague then threatening Magdeburg, he and his second wife Dorothea moved to Hamburg, where their son Hans Otto lived. There von Guericke died peacefully on May 11 (Julian) 1686, to the day 55 years after he had fled the siege in 1631. His body was returned to Magdeburg for interment in the Ulrichskirche [de] on May 23 (Julian). The Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg was named in his honour.

Guericke, Otto von, resident of Brandenburg in Hamburg (1602–1686)

In 1618, the Thirty Years' War had broken out. This exceptionally long, tragic and destructive conflict would soon also descend upon Magdeburg. Only a few years later, he had luckily fled from the city before an army of the imperial Catholic League, led by the Count of Tilly had completely surrounded and cut off Magdeburg. The attack culminated in the single most devastating event of the entire war, namely the Sack of Magdeburg. In May 1631, the imperial troops had crushed the city walls and indiscriminately plundered the riches. Around eighty percent of its more than 25,000 inhabitants perished. The material loss was also unusually high as widespread fires destroyed about 1,700 of a total of 1,900 buildings, including all of von Guericke's personal property. He returned to Magdeburg in 1631 and his academic engineer education designated him an appointee of the reconstruction committee.

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GRONHAGEN, METTE Frau Gronhagen, Mette (erwähnt 1478 und ab 1494 Braunschweig), auch Gronehagen, Mette von. Tochter von Henning Gronhagen (ermordet 1513 Braunschweig) und seiner Ehefrau van dem Broke (15./16. Jahrhundert Braunschweig); Ihr 1. Ehemann war Otto Schwalenberg (15. Jahrhundert Braunschweig); Mutter von Otto von Zweydorff (gestorben 1566 Braunschweig), Anna von Zweydorff (15./16. Jahrhundert Braunschweig) (Vater: ihr 2. Ehemann Tile von Zweydorff (gestorben 1513 Braunschweig)); Vorfahre von Otto von Guericke (1602 Magdeburg–1686 Hamburg) in der 4. Generation.

GRONHAGEN, CLAUS VAN Gronhagen, Claus van (erwähnt 1464 Braunschweig), auch Grönhagen, Claus von. Vater von Henning Gronhagen (ermordet 1513 Braunschweig) (Mutter: Alheid von Kalm (15. Jahrhundert Braunschweig)); Vorfahre von Otto von Guericke (1602 Magdeburg–1686 Hamburg) in der 6. Generation; Ratsherr.

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GUERICKE, OTTO VON Geboren als Otto Gericke (1602 Magdeburg–1686 Hamburg), beigesetzt in der Johanniskirche Magdeburg, auch Guericke, Otto de oder Guerike, Otto de oder Guerike, Otto von oder Geerke, Gerecke, Görcken, auch Otto de. Sohn von Hans Gericke (1555 Magdeburg–1620 Magdeburg) und seiner 2. Ehefrau Anna von Zweydorff (1580 Braunschweig– 1666 Magdeburg); 1666 Nobilitation: Otto von Guericke; Studierte in Leipzig, Helmstedt und Jena die Rechte; studierte in Leiden Mathematik, besonders Geometrie und Mechanik; bereiste anschließend Frankreich und England; 1617 immatrikuliert an der Universität Leipzig und 1621 an der Universität Jena und in den Matrikeln als Magdeburger ausgewiesen; 1626 heiratete in 1. Ehe Margarethe Alemann (1605 Gommern– 1645 Magdeburg); Vater von Anna Katharina Gericke (1627 Magdeburg–1627 Magdeburg), Otto von Guericke der Jüngere (1628 Magdeburg–1704 Hamburg), Jacob Christoph Gericke (1630 Magdeburg–1632 Magdeburg) (Mutter: seine 1. Ehefrau Margarethe Alemann); 1631 Nach der Erstürmung Magdeburgs Oberingenieur in Erfurt in schwedischen Diensten; 1633 bis 1644 Ratsherr von Magdeburg; 1641 bis 1645 Kämmerer von Magdeburg; 1645 Margarethe Alemann (1605 Gommern–1645 Magdeburg) stirbt; 1652 heiratete in 2. Ehe Dorothea Lentke (1629 Magdeburg–1687 Magdeburg); 1646 bis 1676: Bürgermeister von Magdeburg (aktiv), 1676 bis 1681 Bürgermeister von Magdeburg und brandenburgischer Rat;1646 bis 1681: Während dieser Zeit war Otto von Guericke worthaltender oder regierender Bürgermeister von Magdeburg für folgende Jahre: 1646, 1648, 1652, 1654, 1656, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1664, 1666, 1668, 1672, 1674, 1676. In der Zwischenzeit gehörte er zum ruhenden Rat. In der Bürgerrolle der Alten Stadt Magdeburg von 1638.

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https://books.google.co.za/books?id=XeeFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145...

https://www.ovgg.ovgu.de/Otto+von+Guericke/Ein+Leben+f%C3%BCr+Magde...

Otto Gericke wurde am 20. November 1602 als Kind von Anna von Zweydorff aus Braunschweig und Hans Gericke geboren. Die Ahnenlinie Otto Gerickes läßt sich in Magdeburg bis ins 13. Jahrhundert zurückverfolgen. In ihr sind Ratsversandte der bedeutendsten Patrizierfamilien Magdeburgs zu finden. Allein in der väterlichen Linie wurden 13 Bürgermeister, ein Schöppe und drei Ratsmitglieder der Alten Stadt Magdeburg gezählt.
Sein Vater (1555-1620) stand mehrere Jahre in diplomatischen Diensten des polnischen Königs. 1587 kehrte er nach Magdeburg zurück und heiratete ein Jahr später Margarethe Alemann. Hans Gericke wurde Kämmerer im Rat. Seine erste Frau verstarb früh. Am 25. Januar 1602 heiratete er in zweiter Ehe Anna von Zweydorff aus Braunschweig. Aus dieser Ehe ging Otto Gericke als einziges Kind hervor.
Mit 23 Jahren, am 18. September 1626, ehelichte Otto Gericke in erster Ehe Margaretha Alemann. Aus dieser Ehe gingen drei Kinder hervor.

i. Die Tochter Anna Katharina wurde 1627 geboren, starb jedoch noch im gleichen Jahr. 1628

ii. wird sein Sohn Otto junior geboren.

iii. Sein zweiter Sohn Jacob Christoph wurde 1630 geboren, starb aber bereits 1632 infolge von Verletzungen, die er während der Eroberung Magdeburgs erlitt.

Gerickes erste Frau starb 1645. 1652 heiratete er in zweiter Ehe Dorothea Lentke. Aus dieser Ehe gingen keine Kinder hervor.

Guerickes Sohn Otto heiratete in erster Ehe Katharina Dorothea von Bunsow. Aus dieser Ehe ging ein Kind hervor. In der zweiten Ehe mit Hedwig von Ulcken wurden weitere sechs Kinder geboren. Die männliche Linie der Guerickes starb mit dem Urenkel Friedrich Wilhelm 1777 aus,

                                                                     oOo

Otto Gericke was born on November 20, 1602 as the child of Anna von Zweydorff from Braunschweig and Hans Gericke. Otto Gericke's ancestral line in Magdeburg can be traced back to the 13th century. Council representatives from the most important patrician families in Magdeburg can be found here. In the paternal line alone there were 13 mayors, one mayor and three council members of the old town of Magdeburg.
His father (1555-1620) was in the diplomatic service of the Polish king for several years. In 1587 he returned to Magdeburg and a year later married Margarethe Alemann. Hans Gericke became chamberlain in the council. His first wife died early. On January 25, 1602, he married his second wife, Anna von Zweydorff from Braunschweig. Otto Gericke was the only child of this marriage.
At the age of 23, on September 18, 1626, Otto Gericke married Margaretha Alemann for the first time. This marriage resulted in three children. The daughter Anna Katharina was born in 1627 but died in the same year. In 1628 his son Otto junior was born. His second son Jacob Christoph was born in 1630, but died in 1632 as a result of injuries sustained during the conquest of Magdeburg. Gericke's first wife died in 1645. In 1652 he married his second wife, Dorothea Lentke. There were no children from this marriage.
Guericke's son Otto married Katharina Dorothea von Bunsow for the first time. One child was born from this marriage. In her second marriage to Hedwig von Ulcken, another six children were born. The male line of the Guerickes died out with the great-grandson Friedrich Wilhelm in 1777.

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Otto Gericke is op 20 November 1602 gebore as die kind van Anna von Zweydorff van Braunschweig en Hans Gericke. Otto Gericke se stamlyn in Magdeburg kan teruggevoer word na die 13de eeu. Raadsverteenwoordigers van die belangrikste patrisiërfamilies in Magdeburg kan hier gevind word. In die vaderlyn alleen was daar 13 burgemeesters, een burgemeester en drie raadslede van die ou stad Magdeburg.
Sy vader (1555-1620) was vir etlike jare in die diplomatieke diens van die Poolse koning. In 1587 het hy na Magdeburg teruggekeer en 'n jaar later met Margarethe Alemann getrou. Hans Gericke het kamerheer in die raad geword. Sy eerste vrou is vroeg oorlede. Op 25 Januarie 1602 trou hy met sy tweede vrou, Anna von Zweydorff van Braunschweig. Otto Gericke was die enigste kind uit hierdie huwelik.
Op die ouderdom van 23, op 18 September 1626, trou Otto Gericke vir die eerste keer met Margaretha Alemann. Hierdie huwelik het drie kinders tot gevolg gehad. Die dogter Anna Katharina is in 1627 gebore maar is in dieselfde jaar oorlede. In 1628 is sy seun Otto junior gebore. Sy tweede seun Jacob Christoph is in 1630 gebore, maar het in 1632 gesterf as gevolg van beserings wat tydens die verowering van Maagdenburg opgedoen is. Gericke se eerste vrou sterf in 1645. In 1652 trou hy met sy tweede vrou, Dorothea Lentke. Daar was geen kinders uit hierdie huwelik nie.
Guericke se seun Otto het vir die eerste keer met Katharina Dorothea von Bunsow getrou. Een kind is uit hierdie huwelik gebore. In haar tweede huwelik met Hedwig von Ulcken is nog ses kinders gebore. Die manlike lyn van die Guerickes het saam met die agterkleinseun Friedrich Wilhelm in 1777 uitgesterf.

Otto GERICKE
Occupation Anfangs Oberingenieur zu Erfurt, dann Bürgermeister und churfürstlich Brandenburgischer geheimer Rath zu Magdeburg
Occupation Erfinder der Luftpumpe

Events:

Type Date Place Sources
birth: 20. November 1602 Magdeburg
marriage: 18. September 1626 Magdeburg
death: 11. May 1686 Hamburg

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Results: Dorothea Lentke

Birth: ABT 1630, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland.

Death: MAR 1687 Hamburg, Deutschland

Father: Stephan Lentke

Mother: Anna Bueneman

https://books.google.co.za/books?id=9AnDovuIgW8C&dq=von+alemann+gen...

Results for "stephan lentke"
Name: Stephan Lentke

Birth: 13 DEC 1599 Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany

Death: 14 SEP 1684 Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany

Father: Johann Lentke
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1) Hans Johann Gericke 1555-1620 Married 25 January 1602 (Friday), Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, to Anna von Zweidorff 1580-1666 with
Hans Gericke b. 1555, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany; d. September 4, 1620, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
└ +Anna von Zweydorff; m. January 15, 1602, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, German

2) Sophia Schmidt b. circa 1590; d. 1656

Hans Gericke
1555–1620
wife
Anna von Zweidorf
1586–1666

Son:
Otto von Guericke
1602–1686
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himself
Otto von Guericke
1602–1686
wife
Margarethe Alemann
1605–1645

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Otto's father Johann (Hans) was raised to the nobility by the Polish King in 1586. Otto's mother Anna also came from a noble family. In addition, it was a patrician family.

Otto von Guericke since 1666, who was ennobled by Emperor Leopold I in Magdeburg.

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Family:

Otto von Guericke:

Upon his return to Magdeburg in 1626 he married Margarethe Alemann, with whom he had three children (Anna Catherine, Hans Otto, and Jacob Christopher) before her untimely death in 1645. Anna Catherine and Jacob Christopher both died in infancy and in 1652 von Guericke married Dorotha Lentke.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke

Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke, German pronunciation: [%CB%88%C9%A1e%CB%90%CA%81%C9%AAk%C9%99]) (November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major scientific achievements were the establishment of the physics of vacuums, the discovery of an experimental method for clearly demonstrating electrostatic repulsion, and his advocacy of the reality of "action at a distance" and of "absolute space".

Biography

Otto von Guericke was born to a patrician family of Magdeburg, Germany. In 1617 he became a student at the Leipzig University. Owing to the outbreak of the Thirty Years War his studies at Leipzig were disrupted and subsequently he studied at the Academia Julia in Helmstedt and the universities of Jena and Leyden. At the last of these he attended courses on mathematics, physics and fortification engineering. His education was completed by a nine-month-long trip to France and England. On his return to Magdeburg in 1626 he married Margarethe Alemann and became a member of the Rats Collegium of Magdeburg. He was to remain a member of this body until old age.

Von Guericke was personally distrustful of the city's enthusiasm for the cause of Gustavus Adolphus but was nonetheless a victim of the fall of Magdeburg to von Tilly's troops in May 1631. Destitute, but fortunate to escape with his life, he was an Imperial prisoner at a camp in Fermersleben until, through the good offices of Ludwig of Anhalt-Cothen, a ransom of three hundred thalers had been paid. Following a period of employment as engineer in the service of Gustavus Adolphus he and his family returned to Magdeburg in February 1632. For the next decade he was occupied rebuilding his own and the city's fortunes from the ruins of the fire of 1631. Under the Swedish and subsequently Saxon authorities he remained involved in the civic affairs of the city, becoming in 1641 a Kammerer and in 1646 Burgomaster, a position he was to hold for thirty years. His first diplomatic mission on behalf of the city, in September 1642, was to the court of the Elector of Saxony at Dresden to seek some mitigation of the harshness with which the Saxon military commander treated Magdeburg. Diplomatic missions, often dangerous as well as tedious, occupied much of his time for the next twenty years. A private scientific life, of which much remains unclear, was developing in parallel.

His scientific and diplomatic pursuits finally intersected when, at the Reichstag in Regensburg in 1654, he was invited to demonstrate his experiments on the vacuum before the highest dignitaries of the Holy Roman Empire. One of them, the Archbishop Elector Johann Philip von Schonborn, bought von Guericke's apparatus from him and had it sent to his Jesuit College at Wurzburg. One of the professors at the College, Fr. Gaspar Schott, entered into friendly correspondence with von Guericke and thus it was that, at the age of 55, von Guericke's work was first published as an Appendix to a book by Fr. Schott - Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica - published in 1657. This book came to the attention of Robert Boyle who, stimulated by it, embarked on his own experiments on air pressure and the vacuum, and in 1660 published New Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching the Spring of Air and its Effects. The following year this was translated into Latin and, made aware of it in correspondence with Fr. Schott, von Guericke acquired a copy.

In the decade following the first publication of his own work von Guericke, in addition to his diplomatic and administrative commitments, was scientifically very active. He embarked upon his magnum opus — Ottonis de Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio — which as well as a detailed account of his experiments on the vacuum, contains his pioneering electrostatic experiments in which electrostatic repulsion was demonstrated for the first time and sets out his theologically based view of the nature of space. In the Preface to the Reader he claims to have finished the book on March 14, 1663 though publication was delayed for another nine years until 1672. In 1664, his work again appeared in print, again through the good offices of Fr. Schott, the first section of whose book Technica Curiosa, entitled Mirabilia Magdeburgica, was dedicated to von Guericke's work. The earliest reference to the celebrated Magdeburg hemispheres experiment is on p. 39 of the Technica Curiosa, where Fr. Schott notes that von Guericke had mentioned them in a letter of July 22, 1656. Fr. Schott goes on to quote a subsequent letter of von Guericke of August 4, 1657 in which he states that he now had carried out the experiment, at considerable cost, with 12 horses.

The 1660s saw the final collapse of Magdeburg's aim, to which von Guericke had devoted some twenty years of diplomatic effort, of achieving the status of a Free City within the Holy Roman Empire. On behalf of Magdeburg, he was the first signatory to the Treaty of Klosterberg (1666) whereby Magdeburg accepted a garrison of Brandenburg troops and the obligation to pay dues to the Great Elector, Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg. Despite the Elector's crushing of Magdeburg's political aspirations, the personal relationship of von Guericke and Friedrich Wilhelm remained warm. The Great Elector was a patron of scientific scholarship; he had employed von Guericke's son, Hans Otto, as his Resident in Hamburg and in 1666 had named Otto himself to the Brandenburg Rat. When the Experimenta Nova finally appeared it was prefaced with a fulsome dedication to Friedrich Wilhelm. The year 1666 also saw von Guericke's ennoblement by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor when he changed the spelling of his name from "Gericke" to "Guericke" and when he became entitled to the prefix "von". Schimank p. 69 reproduces von Guericke's petition to Leopold requesting the prefix "von" and the change of spelling.

In 1677 von Guericke, after repeated requests, was reluctantly permitted to step down from his civic responsibilities. In January 1681, as a precaution against an outbreak of plague then affecting Magdeburg, he and his second wife Dorothea moved to the home of his son Hans Otto in Hamburg. There he died peacefully on May 11 (Julian) 1686, 55 years to the day after he had fled the flames in 1631. His body was returned to Magdeburg for interment in the Ulrichskirche on May 23 (Julian) (Schneider p. 144). The Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg is named after him.

There are only three important contemporary sources describing Von Guericke's scientific work - Fr. Schott's Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica and Technica Curiosa of 1657 and 1664 and his own Experimenta Nova of 1672. His scientific concerns may be divided into three areas, to each of which a Book of the Experimenta Nova is dedicated as follows:

• Book II: the nature of space and the possibility of the void
• Book III: the experimental work on the production of vacua, the pressure of air and the Earth's atmosphere
• Book IV: the investigation into cosmic potencies.

Nature of Space and the Possibility of the Void

Book II of the Experimenta Nova is an extended philosophical essay in which von Guericke puts forward a view of the nature of space similar to that later espoused by Newton. He is explicitly critical of the plenist views of Aristotle and of their adoption by his younger contemporary Descartes. A particular and repeated target of his criticism is the manner in which the "nature abhors a vacuum" principle had migrated from simply a matter of experiment to a high principle of physics which could be invoked to explain phenomena such as suction but which itself was above question. In setting out his own view, von Guericke, while acknowledging the influence of previous philosophers such as Lessius (but not Gassendi), makes it clear that he considers his thinking on this topic to be original and new. There is no evidence that von Guericke was aware of the Nouvelles Experiences touchant le vide of Blaise Pascal published in 1647. In the Experimenta Nova, Book III, Ch. 34, he relates how he first became aware of Torricelli's mercury tube experiment from Valerianus Magnus at Regensburg in 1654. Pascal's work built upon reports of the mercury tube experiment which had reached Paris via Marin Mersenne in 1644. An indication of the unresolved status of the "nature abhors a vacuum" principle at that time may be taken from Pascal's opinion, expressed in the conclusion of the Nouvelles Experiences, when he writes: "I hold for true the maxims set out below: (a) that all bodies possess a repugnance to being separated one from another and from admitting a vacuum in the interval between them - that is to say that nature abhors a void." Pascal goes on to claim that this abhorrence of a void is however a limited force and thus that the creation of a vacuum is possible.

There were three broad currents of opinion from which von Guericke dissented. Firstly, there was the Aristotelian view that there simply was no void and that everything that exists objectively is in the category of substance. The general plenist position lost credibility in the 17th century, owing primarily to the success of Newtonian mechanics. It was revived again in the 19th century as a theory of an all pervading aether and again lost plausibility with the success of Special Relativity. Secondly, there was the Augustinian position of an intimate relation between space, time, and matter; all three, according to St. Augustine in the Confessions (Ch. XI) and the City of God (Book XI, Ch. VI), came into being as a unity and ways of speaking that purport to separate them - such as "outside the universe" or "before the beginning of the universe" are, in fact, meaningless. Augustine's way of thinking is also attractive to many and seems to have a strong resonance with General Relativity. The third view, which von Guericke discusses at length, but does not attribute to any individual, is that space is a creation of the human imagination. Thus, it is not truly objective in the sense in which matter is objective. The later theories of Leibniz and Kant seem inspired by this general outlook, but the denial of the objectivity of space has not been scientifically fruitful.

Von Guericke sidestepped the vexed question of the meaning of "nothing" by asserting that all objective reality fell into one of two categories - the created and the uncreated. Space and time were objectively real but were uncreated, whereas matter was created. In this way he created a new fundamental category alongside Aristotle's category of substance, that of the uncreated. His understanding of space is theological and similar to that expressed by Newton in the General Scholium to the Principia. For instance, von Guericke writes (Book II, Chapter VII): "For God cannot be contained in any location, nor in any vacuum, nor in any space, for He Himself is, of His nature, location and vacuum."

Air pressure and the vacuum

In 1654 von Guericke invented a vacuum pump consisting of a piston and an air gun cylinder with two-way flaps designed to pull air out of whatever vessel it was connected to, and used it to investigate the properties of the vacuum in many experiments. This pump is described in Chapters II and III of Book III of the Experimenta Nova and in the Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica (p. 445-6). Guericke demonstrated the force of air pressure with dramatic experiments.

In 1657, he machined two 20-inch diameter hemispheres and pumped all the air out of them, locking them together with a vacuum seal. The air pressure outside held the halves together so tightly that sixteen horses, eight harnessed to each side of the globe, could not pull the halves apart. It would have required more than 4,000 pounds of force to separate them.

With his experiments Guericke disproved the hypothesis of "horror vacui", that nature abhors a vacuum. Aristotle (e.g. in Physics IV 6-9) had argued against the existence of the void and his views commanded near universal endorsement by philosophers and scientists up to the 17th century. Guericke showed that substances were not pulled by a vacuum, but were pushed by the pressure of the surrounding fluids.

All of von Guericke's work on the vacuum and air pressure is described in Book III of the Experimenta Nova (1672). As regards the more detailed chronology of his work we have, in addition to the Experimenta Nova's description of his demonstrations at Regensburg in 1654, the two accounts published by Fr. Schott in 1657 and 1663.

In Chapter 27 he alludes to what transpired at Regensburg in 1654. The first experiment he explicitly records as having been demonstrated was the crushing of a non-spherical vessel as the air was withdrawn from it. He did not use a vacuum pump directly on the vessel, but allowed the air in it to expand into a previously evacuated receiver.

The second was an experiment in which a number of men proved able to pull an airtight piston only about half way up a cylindrical copper vessel. Von Guericke then attached his evacuated receiver to the space below the piston and succeeded in drawing the piston back down again against the force of the men pulling it up. In a letter to Fr. Schott of June 1656, reproduced in Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica (p. 454-455), von Guericke gives a short account of his experiences at Regensburg. Based on this, Schimank [1936] gives a list of ten experiments which he considers likely to have been carried out at Regensburg. In addition to the above two, these included the extraction of air using a vacuum pump, the extinction of a flame in a sealed vessel, the raising of water by suction, a demonstration that air has weight, and a demonstration of how fog and mist can be produced in a sealed vessel. The Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica also provides the earliest drawing of von Guericke's vacuum pump. This corresponds to the description in the opening chapters of Book III of the Experimenta Nova of the first version of his pump.

Stimulated by the interest taken in his work, von Guericke was scientifically very active in the decade after 1654. In June 1656 we find him writing to Fr. Schott (Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica, p. 444) "Since the time when I produced the exhibition for the said eminent Elector, I have a better and clearer grasp of all these matters and many other topics as well." The celebrated hemispheres experiment was, as noted in the biographical section above, carried out between July 1656 and August 1657. In Chapter IV of Book III he describes a new and much improved design of vacuum pump and attributes its invention to the need for a more easily transportable machine with which he could demonstrate his experiments to Frederick William, who had expressed the desire to see them. The new pump is also described on p. 67 of the Technica Curiosa. The demonstration in the Elector's Library at Cölln an der Spree took place in November 1663 and was recorded by a tutor to the Elector's sons. (Schneider p. 113.) A number of experiments, such as the rather cruel testing of the effect of a vacuum on birds and fish (Experimenta Nova, Book III, Chapter XVI), are not described in the Technica Curiosa. Although the Experimenta Nova does contain correspondence from 1665, there is no reason to doubt von Guericke's assertion that the work was essentially finished by March 1663.

Throughout Books II and III he returns again and again to the theme of there being no abhorrence of a vacuum and that all the phenomena explained by this supposed principle are in fact attributable to the pressure of the atmosphere in conjunction with various incorporeal potencies which he held to be acting. Thus the Earth's "conservative potency" (virtus conservativa) provided the explanation for the fact that the Earth retains its atmosphere though travelling through space. In countering the objection of a Dr. Deusing that the weight of the atmosphere would simply crush the bodies of all living things, he shows explicit awareness of the key property of a fluid - that it exerts pressure equally across all planes. In Chapter XXX of Book III he writes: "Dr. Deusing ought to have borne in mind that the air does not just press on our heads but flows all around us. Just as it presses from above on the head, it likewise presses on the soles of the feet from below and simultaneously on all parts of the body from all directions."

Other research

In the Experimenta Nova, Book III, Chapter 20, von Guericke reports on a barometer he had constructed and its application to weather forecasting. The earliest reference to his barometer is in a letter to Fr. Schott of November 1661 (Technica Curiosa, p. 37) where he writes: "I have observed the variation in the weight of the air by using a little man (i.e. a statue in the form of one) who hangs from a wall in my hypocaust where it floats on air in a glass tube and uses a finger to show the weight or lightness of the air. At the same time it indicates whether or not it is raining in nearby localities or whether there is unusually stormy weather at sea." In a subsequent letter of December 30, 1661 (Technica Curiosa p. 52) he gives a somewhat amplified account. His barometer thus prepared the way for meteorology. His later works focused on electricity. He invented the first electrostatic generator, the "Elektrisiermaschine", of which a version is illustrated in the engraving by Hubert-François Gravelot, c. 1750.

Electrostatic investigations

Von Guericke thought of the capacity of body to exert an influence beyond its immediate boundaries in terms of "corporeal and incorporeal potencies". Examples of "corporeal potencies" were the giving off of fumes, smells, gases etc. by bodies. An example of an "incorporeal potencies" was the Earth's "conservative potency" whereby it retained its atmosphere and caused the return of objects thrown upwards to the Earth's surface. The Earth also possessed an "expulsive potency" which was deemed to explain why objects that fall bounce back up again. The notion of an "incorporeal potency" is similar to that of "action at a distance", except the former notion remained purely qualitative and there is no inkling of the fundamental "action and reaction" principle.

Von Guericke describes his work on electrostatics in Chapter 15 of Book IV of the Experimenta Nova. In a letter of November 1661 to Fr. Schott, reproduced in the Technica Curiosa, he notes that the then projected Book IV would be concerned with "cosmic potencies" (virtutes mundanae). Accepting the claim of the preface to the Experimenta Nova that the entire work had been essentially completed before March 1663, von Guericke can be fairly credited with inventing a primitive form of frictional electrical machine before 1663. He used a sulphur globe that could be rubbed by hand.

In Chapter 6 of Book IV von Guericke writes: "It seems reasonable to suppose that if the Earth has a fitting and appropriate attractive potency it will also have a potency of repelling things that might be dangerous or disagreeable to it. This is to be seen in the case of the sulphur sphere described below in Chapter 15. When that sphere is stroked or rubbed not only does it attract all light objects, but it sometimes arbitrarily also repels them before attracting them again. Sometimes indeed it doesn't even attract them again." Von Guericke was aware of both Gilbert's book On the Magnet and Magnetic bodies and on the great magnet the Earth published in 1600 and of the Jesuit Niccolo Cabeo's Philosophia Magnetica (1629). He does not explicitly acknowledge any anticipation of his demonstration of electrostatic repulsion by the latter but, as he quotes a passage from the same page, could not have been unaware that, in a discussion of the nature of electrical attraction, Cabeo had written (Philosophia Magnetica, p. 192): "When we see that small bodies (corpuscula) are lifted (sublevari et attolli) above the amber and also fall back to the motionless amber, it cannot be said that such erratic behaviour (talem matum - but if "matum" is taken as a misprint for "motum", then the translation is simply "such motion") is an attraction by the gravity of the attracting body." In Book IV, Chapter 8 of the Experimenta Nova von Guericke is at pains to point out the difference between his own "incorporeal potency" views and Cabeo's more Aristotelian conclusions. He writes: "Writers who have written on magnetism, always confuse it with electrical attraction, although there is a great difference. In particular, Gilbert in his book De Magnete claims that electrical attraction is caused by the effluence of a humour, that the humid seeks the humid and this is the cause of the attraction. Moreover in Philosophia Magnetica, Book 2, Chapter 21, Cabeo criticises Gilbert but does admit that this attraction is created by the agency of an effluent. Humidity does not play any role but the attraction is brought about purely by the agency of an effluent, by which the air is disturbed. After the initial impulse, the air returns to the amber again taking with it little particles. He (Cabeo) concludes by saying: 'I say therefore that from amber or any other electrically attracting body, a very rarefied effluent is emitted which dispels and attenuates the air, extremely agitating it. Then the agitated and attenuated air returns to the amber body sweeping along with it whatever dust or small bodies are in its way'. We however, who in the previous chapter, take the attraction of the sulphur ball as electrical in nature and operating through a conservative potency, cannot admit that the air plays a role in producing the attraction. Experiment visibly shows that this sulphur globe (once it has been rubbed) also exercises its potency through a linen cord up to a range of a cubit and more and can attract at that distance."

The key Chapter 15 is entitled "On an experiment, in which these potencies, listed above,can be evoked by the rubbing of a sulphur ball." In Section 3 of this chapter he describes how light bodies are repelled from a sulphur sphere which has been rubbed with a dry hand, and are not again attracted until they have touched another body. Oldenburg's review of the Experimenta Nova (November 1672) in the Proceedings of the Royal Society sceptically observes: "How far this globe may be confided in, the Tryals and Consideration of some ingenious person here may perhaps inform us hereafter." In fact, Robert Boyle repeated von Guericke's experiments for the Royal Society in November 1672 and February 1673 (Schneider p. 127).

Literature (Except for the first, all these books are in German or Latin)

• Conlon, Thomas E. (27 September 2011). Thinking About Nothing: Otto von Guericke and the Magdeburg Experiments on the Vacuum. The Saint Austin Press. ISBN 978-14478-3916-3. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
• Puhle, Matthias, ed. (2002). Die Welt im leeren Raum (in German). München: Deutscher Kunstverlag. ISBN 978-3-422-06374-7. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
• Schneider, Ditmar (2002). Otto von Guericke: ein Leben für die alte Stadt Magdeburg (in German) (3., bearb. und erw. Aufl. ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner: Teubner. ISBN 3-519-25153-1.
• Neue 'Magdeburgische' Versuche über den leeren Raum
  • Otto von Guericke,
  • Reihe Ostwalds Klassiker, Bd. 59: Übersetzung von Guerickes "Experimenta nova Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio", 1672. (Magdeburger Halbkugeln) 1996,
  • ISBN 3-8171-3059-7
• Guericke, Otto von: Gesamtausgabe, 24 Bde.
  • Bd.2/1/1 Guericke, Otto von: Otto von Guerickes Neue (so genannte) Magdeburger Versuche über den leeren Raum. Ottonis de Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio. Faksimile d. latein. Ausg., 1672. 2002.
  • ISBN 3-89923-015-9,
• Otto von Guericke, Burgermeister der Stadt Magdeburg: Ein Lebensbild aus dem Deutschen Geschichte des Siebzehnten Jahrhunderts
  • Hoffman, Friedrich Wilhelm (Verlag von Emil Baensch) (1874)
  • ISBN 9 781145 081925
• Otto von Guericke: Burgermeister von Magdeburg. Ein deutscher Staatsman, Denker und Forscher
  • Schimank, Hans (Herausgegeben von der Stadt Magdeburg) (1936)
• Otto von Guericke Ertrage der Forschung
  • Krafft, Fritz (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt) (1978)
• Otto von Guericke Philosophisches uber den leeren Raum
  • Kauffeldt, Alfons (Akademie-Verlag Berlin) (1968)
• Philosophia Magnetica
  • Cabeo, Nicolo S.J. (Johannes Kinckius) (1629) (digitised 2010 by Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbuettel)
• Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica
  • Schott, Gaspar S.J. (Heinricus Pigin of Wurzburg) (1657) (also Googlebooks)
• Technica Curiosa
  • Schott, Gaspar S.J. (Jobus Hertz of Wurzburg) (1664) (also Googlebooks)

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https://books.google.co.za/books?id=9AnDovuIgW8C&dq=von+alemann+gen...

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Logo of the internet portal "Westphalian History"

FAMILY Guericke (Gericke), by
FIRST NAME Otto
GENDER masculine
BIRTH DATE 1602-11-20 Search
PLACE OF BIRTH Magdeburg
SPOUSE (I) 1626-09-18, Magdeburg: Alemann, Margaretha von (21.01.1605-26.04.1645), parents: Jacob von Alemann, Doctor of Law, Braunschweig Privy Councillor, Princely Chancellor of Halberstadt, and Catharina Alemann

(II) 1652-05-13, Magdeburg: Lentke, Dorothea (died 1687), parents: Stephan Lentke, tailor and mayor of Magdeburg, and Anna Bünemann
DEATH DATE 1686-05-11 Search
DEATH PLACE Hamburg
FATHER Guericke, Hans, Mayor of the Imperial Schöppenstuhl
MOTHER Zweydorff, Anna von
BIOGRAPHY Enrolled in Leipzig 1617, Helmstedt 1620, Jena 1621 (law), Leyden 1623 (mathematics, geometry, mechanics, fortification); 1627-31 and 1641-45 councillor, in between chief engineer to Lieutenant General Duke Wilhelm of Saxony-Weimer, represented Magdeburg at the peace congress in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646-47 mayor in Magdeburg, owned the house "Zum güldenen Stern", 1649 execution day in Nuremberg, 1653 Imperial Diet in Regensburg, 1659 ambassador to Vienna, left the city in 1681 after a tax dispute and went to his son in Hamburg, well-known inventor, member of the Electorate of Brandenburg council; imperial nobility and name change: 04.01.1666.

SOURCE Lehsten, Lupold von | The Hessian Reichstag delegates in the 17th and 18th centuries | p. 37
PROJECT The Hessian Reichstag delegates in the 17th and 18th centuries
RECORDING DATE 2023-04-11
PERSON ON THE INTERNET Biographies, literature and other resources about the person with the GND: 11854330X
SOURCE Lehsten, Lupold von | The Hessian Reichstag delegates in the 17th and 18th centuries | p. 37
SYSTEMATICS / ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Time 3.3 1600-1649
3.3.1 Thirty Years' War / Peace of Westphalia <1618-1648>
3.4 1650-1699
Location 1.7 Hamburg <1945/46 -> / City
1.14.3000 Magdeburg, city
Subject area 3.14.4 Foreign policy, diplomatic relations
13.8 Technology
DATE RECORDING 2023-04-11
DATE CHANGE 2024-01-25
TOTAL VIEWS 213
VIEWS PER MONTH 6

 Page URL: http://www.westfaelische-geschichte.de/per17005

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Das Erbbegräbnis Otto von Guerickes in der Johanniskirche
Otto von Guericke und die Johanniskirche
Die JohanneskircheNach der zerstörerischen Eroberung und Unterwerfung Magdeburgs 1631 im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurde die Stadt mit dem Vertrag von Kloster Berge dem Kurfürstentum Brandenburg zugeteilt. Nach der Huldigung des Großen Kurfürsten am 21. Mai 1681 verließ Guericke das nun vollständig unterworfene Magdeburg. Er zog zu seinem Sohn nach Hamburg, wo er am 11. Mai 1686 starb.

Im Juni 1686 trat Guericke seine letzte Reise nach Magdeburg an. Unter dem Geläut aller Magdeburger Glocken und unter großer Anteilnahme der Bürger wurde er am 2. Juli 1686 in der Familiengruft in der Johanniskirche beigesetzt. Die Kapelle über der Gruft wurde 1890 zum Haupteingang der Kirche umgebaut und die Gruft zum Bau einer Heizung geräumt. Bis heute konnten keine protokollierten Hinweise auf den Verbleib der Gebeine ermittelt werden.

Im Eingangsbereich der Kirche sind beidseitig zwei Wappensteine angebracht. Das linke ist das Familienwappen Otto von Guerickes. Es zeigt den im zweigeteilten Wappen im oberen Bereich einen nach links aufsteigenden Löwen und im unteren Teil eine Rose. Guericke ließ ihn 1674 von Tobias Wilhelmi, einem Magdeburger Bildhauer für die Johanniskirche anfertigen. Er wurde im selben Jahr gemeinsam mit dem von Guericke gestifteten Stadtwappen angebracht. Es zeigt je zweimal das geöffnete Stadttor mit Jungfrau und zweimal eine Rose. Darunter sind die lateinischen Anfangsbuchstaben des zweitältesten Stadtspruches eingearbeitet: V. D. v. i. a., Verbum Domini manet in Aeternum (" Das Wort des Herren währet in Ewigkeit"). Die Wappen konnten nach der Zerstörung der Kirche 1945 aus den Trümmern nur leicht beschädigt geborgen und aufbewahrt werden. 1999 wurden beide Wappen von Spenden der Otto-von-Guericke-Gesellschaft restauriert und zur Einweihung übergeben.

1990 beschloß der Magdeburger Stadtrat den Wiederaufbau der Kirchenruine. Damit verbunden war die Freilegung der Gruft der alten Magdeburger Patrizierfamilien Guericke und Alemann 1992. Bei der Räumung stieß man auf den Leichenstein der Magarethe Gericke geborene Alemann, der ersten Frau Otto von Guerickes. Heute ist die Gruft eine Stätte des stillen Gedenkens an den großen Sohn Magdeburgs Otto von Guericke. Sie ist vom Untergeschoß der Kirche aus zugänglich und wurde am 24. November 2000 eingeweiht. In ihr befinden sich ein neu geschaffener Gedenkstein und der Nachguß der Büste Otto von Guerickes, der restaurierte Leichenstein der Margarethe Gericke und eine Bronze Tafel mit dem Wahlspruch Guerickes "LIBERTAS, LEGES ET PAX SVNT OPTIMA DONA" ("Freiheit, Gesetzlichkeit und Frieden sind die größten Gaben") den er 1649 als Umschrift um das in Osnabrück geschaffene Porträt wählte.

Der Text auf dem Leichenstein der Margarethe Alemann aus dem Jahre 1645 lautet:

MARGARETE
ALEMANN
OTTO GERICK[-]
EN R[ATS]CÄMM[ERER][-]
LICHE HAUS[-]
FRAU IST VER
SC[H]IEDEN. 26. APRI[-]
LIS ANNO 1645

Der Text auf dem Gedenkstein Otto von Guerickes aus dem Jahre 2000 lautet:

ZUM GEDENKEN AN
OTTO VON GUERICKE
GEBOREN 20. NOVEMBER 1602
IN MAGDEBURG
GESTORBEN 11. MAI 1686
IN HAMBURG
BEIGESETZT 2. JULI 1686
IN MAGDEBURG

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